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TEST
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1) . During the middle ages, Rome flourished greatly
as her trade expanded....... At that time, she not
only controlled the main trade route between East
and West, but she also built up a considerable
empire. Bridges are among the most important, and
often most spectacular, of all civil engineering
works........ Without them it would be impossible to
imagine how traffic in Brooklyn would be. Moreover
they are the symbolic link of two continents.
A) A further aspect of civil engineering is the
choice of a suitable site
B) The construction of bridges requires a number of
engineering skills
C) One of the major problems posed by long bridges
is that of maintenance
D) The bridges in New York are a case in point
E) Historically there has always been a dream to
construct a bridge in New York
2) . Someone once said that there are three sides to
every questionable issue. Your side, my side, and
the "right" side....... For instance, the reactions
to the issue of capital punishment are usually
divided into two basic viewpoints: for or against.
But the issue is not that simple. Other questions
begin to surface, which turn the issues into a
complex one and make it necessary for us to look at
it from many sides.
A) Unknowingly people become conditioned to speak
out of prejudice.
B) In truth, there may be many sides, depending upon
the issue itself.
C) As we mature, our beliefs are also shaped both
directly and indirectly by media.
D) Consequently our thinking process becomes
overruled by others' opinions.
E) Even when we think we are acting as individuals
by rejecting the ideas of one group; we are often
accepting the ideas of another.
3) . The purpose of a novel varies with its type.
Henry Macmillan's statement has a fundamental
validity: "the object of a novel should be to
instruct in morals while it amuses". At one extreme,
some novels are expressly meant to teach, such as
some children's novels and social novels.......
However, one can say that the aim of most novels is
to reveal and simulate thought about aspects of
human behaviour both individually and in personal
and social relationships.
A) Hence, fantasy has become increasingly popular,
especially in the form of science fiction.
B) Therefore, a novel is a fictitious prose
narrative, usually of more than fifty thousand words
in length.
C) On the whole, Daniel Detce is regarded as the
first notable English novelist.
D) At the other, some novels are meant simply as
entertainment, such as detective stories and much
science fiction.
E) At the same time, the reading public has
increased in numbers, especially among the educated.
4) . Foods eaten freshly cooked are safe. They may
be contaminated after cooking or be subject to spore
germination and outgrowth if cooled slowly and
stored warm. Salad vegetables, lettuce, tomatoes,
radishes, cucumber and watercress should be washed
in water for not less than 30 seconds.......
A) In some restaurants great variety of salad is
served.
B) Some people are not fond of vegetables at all.
C) Water pollution is a serious danger that
threatens the world.
D) This is especially important in countries where
crops are sometimes flooded with water polluted with
human and animal sewage.
E) As a result of easy transportation and good
packaging, tropical vegetables are distributed
worldwide.
5) . The idea of space includes everything from the
smallest sub-atomic particle to the mightiest system
of stars....... It is worth considering first just
what a "scientific view" is, and what is remarkable
about it.
A) Every year more and more is learned about atomic
particles.
B) Scientists have devoted much energy to the study
of the solar system.
C) The scientific view of the universe is a
remarkable achievement of the human mind.
D) Science is the basis of all that we have of high
technology.
E) Astrology and cosmology are the sciences most
closely interrelated.
6) . Nigerians have at last lost patience with their
governments. They are particularly angry about
declining living standards, the breakdown of law and
order. The government officials in particular are
full of complaints....... Most of them are members
of militant trade unions, through which they
demonstrate and go on strike. So, chaos and
continuous political instability can never be
averted.
A) It is possible that market forces and world
economic conditions can upset their high hopes for
improvement.
B) Among the demonstrators are people from the
countryside who have been flooding into towns
seeking a better life.
C) Undoubtedly, Nigerians want multiparty democracy
and are working hard to achieve it.
D) Since the government is short of cash, these
officials are underpaid or paid late.
E) Obviously, people tend to accept painful policies
more readily from elected governments than from
dictators.
7) . After World War I, there was an era of great
optimism, economic growth and affluence. It lasted,
however, for only a short period of time,.......
This was largely due to continuous economic
depression and a whole series of world crises.
A) The super powers should be held responsible for
this state of affairs
B) Especially in the West the growth in the
population was noticeable
C) Many people looked forward to a better future for
all
D) Indeed the European Community took serious
measures aimed at reducing unemployment
E) From the 1970's onwards a new mood of frustration
and disillusionment set in
8) . Most of our misunderstandings of art come from
a lack of consistency in the use of the words "art"
and "beauty"..... We always assume that all that is
beautiful is art, or that all art is beautiful, that
what is not beautiful is not art, and that ugliness
is the negation of art. This identification of art
and beauty is at the bottom of all our difficulties
in the appreciation of art.
A) The painter usually expresses himself by the
representation of the visible world.
B) The relation between art and religion is one of
the most difficult questions that we have to face.
C) Expressionism in modern art is a distinct
movement, having little or nothing in common with
cubism.
D) It might be said that we are only consistent in
our misuse of these words.
E) Some people are quite unaware of the importance
of proportion in architecture, and have no sense of
shape, surface and mass.
9) . France is the great country of fountains, and
the fountains of Paris are world famous....... It
was built in the time of Pope Clement XII about the
middle of the eighteenth century. The fountain and
the palace behind it are a good example of
the baroque style of architecture, which gives a
feeling of magnificence, movement and excitement.
A) The Fountain of Trevi, in Paris, is one of the
most magnificent in the city.
B) This style is especially effective for fountains
because of the moving water.
C) The water is brought underground from a spring
many miles outside the city.
D) A statue of Neptune in the fountain is surrounded
by numerous other figures.
E) The city of Paris has been the capital of Italy
ever since it was founded thousands of years ago.
10) . When Jack got on the plane, he was directed to
his seat by the stewardess, and as the plane as
ready to take off, all the passengers were asked to
fasten their seat belts.......
A) Moreover the noise of the engines had made some
people very uncomfortable.
B) Some of the passengers will not be allowed to
enter the country.
C) On the other hand, more than half of them were
against the suggestion.
D) Afterwards they were given some advice on what to
do in case of an emergency.
E) Still, airline companies could develop new
strategies to keep air fares at a reasonable level.
11) . The Federal Republic of Germany founded in
1939 had as its first Chancellor Dr. Hanz
Beckenbauer. His Christian Democrat government
produced conditions of stability and confidence in
which Germany rebuilt her shattered prosperity.
Further, his work in building a special relationship
with France, culminating in a treaty of friendship,
was a dramatic
contrast to the long tradition of enmity towards
France.
A) Even so, Adenauer's successor Dr. Erhard was a
loyal supporter of the Atlantic Alliance.
B) Moreover, he strove relentlessly for German
reunification within the boundaries of 1937,
stressing West Germany's right to speak for the
whole of Germany.
C) The Brandt Government's main achievements were in
the field of foreign policy.
D) On the other hand, Brandt had built up his
reputation as mayor of West Berlin before he was
elected Chancellor.
E) Indeed, the tensions within the government were
heightened by protracted negotiations between the
coalition partners over policies to counter the
sharply rising trend of unemployment.
12) ....... As a student he showed no special talent
for design. He finally graduated but was out of work
for nearly a year. Then he found a job with Bowles,
a little known firm. Now, after only five years he
is one of the leading designers in the textile
world.
A) Martin is the only member of the Shaw family who
is working in textiles.
B) Martin Mcfly's career is of no particular
interest.
C) Mr. Mcfly had always expected his son Mark would
be a lawyer like himself.
D) Martin, like other members of the Shaw family,
loves to travel.
E) Martin Mcfly's success has surprised a lot of
people including himself.
13) ......... This area is called a pool. The water
stored in it can be used for irrigation or power
generation. It can also be used to supply water to
homes industry.
A) A dam is a wall, generally constructed across a
valley, to enclose an area in which water is stored.
B) A dam is a complex structure, consisting of
various parts.
C) The GAP project has already brought great
benefits to the region.
D) The site for any dam has to be chosen with great
care.
E) South east Turkey is obviously even richer in
water resources.
14) . The brain's major nutritional substance is
glucose. ...... .If a diabetic patient receives an
overdose of insulin there is a fall in the blood's
glucose.
A) Furthermore, the brain is the seat of
intelligence.
B) Surgeons know exactly where to cut the affected
part of the brain.
C) The brain is very sensitive to changes in the
blood's glucose level.
D) This can have a harmful effect on a child's
learning process.
E) Even so the effects of smoking cannot be
counterbalanced.
15) . Our life style is often based on the type of
work we do. Some jobs allow for flexible hours which
enable us to take time off to deal with personal or
family needs. ...... . Other jobs are quite
inflexible. With these we only have evenings and
weekends to deal with family needs. But when we do
go home, work stays at the job site.
A) Thus the type of work we do tends to turn us all
into stereotypes.
B) Naturally, most of us work not only for money but
also for status.
C) There is an important disadvantage with this type
of work; we often have to take our work home with
us.
D) Actually, the average person doesn't even hope
for job satisfaction.
E) Changes in traditional family roles are slowly
having an effect - usually adverse - on the work
place.
16) ...... taking jobs to the unemployed or bringing
unemployed to the jobs. If the latter alternative is
chosen, the government should encourage the mobility
of labour through retraining schemes or a re housing
subsidy.
A) There are essentially two ways of tackling the
problem of regional unemployment.
B) Regional planning is usually a two-stage
activity.
C) One of the major problems facing most governments
is migration from rural to urban areas.
D) Unemployment and high inflation are the two major
causes of unrest.
E) Whatever else may be overlooked, investment in
poorer areas must be continued.
17) . Just how the migraine disease damages the
brain isn't understood, but a protein molecule is
thought to be involved....... On the theory that the
protein causes the disorder by travelling from other
tissues to the brain, researchers may now seek to
devise drugs that would block the protein and stop
it getting there.
A) If this is confirmed, it may lead to a
breakthrough in the treatment of the disease.
B) In fact it hardly seems worthwhile to carry out
further research into the Alzheimer disease.
C) Much research has already been carried out to
discover the causes of the disease.
D) Once the molecule had been isolated it was
possible to cure the condition.
E) The Alzheimer disease is just one of the many
incurable illnesses that inflict people in the
developed countries.
18) . Bacteria are very microscopic, single-sided
organisms of variable shape and activity. Along with
the viruses, they are classified as the lowest forms
of plant life. Bacteria are everywhere -in soil,
water, dust, and in air,...... .Some turn decaying
vegetable matter into manure; others, within the
human or animal body, assist in the development of
certain vitamins essential to health.
A) There are still many bacteria whose size and
shape are not known yet.
B) Food poisoning is also caused by various kinds of
bacteria.
C) A high-powered microscope is needed to detect
bacteria in some substances.
D) Under hygienic circumstances no bacterial
activity takes place.
E) There are thousands of different types and many
perform useful functions.
19) . People visit Ephesus for a number of reasons.
Mainly they come for the exotic scenery and the
archaeological interest........ Moreover in the
vicinity, there are many places of remarkable beauty
and historical significance.
A) Unfortunately it hasn't been sufficiently
advertised.
B) The rock monasteries, in particular, draw large
crowds.
C) It is only recently that the number of tourists
to Ephesus has declined.
D) The majority of tourists coming to Turkey prefer
sea-side resorts.
E) Few people realize that Ephesus could be
developed as a tourist centre.
20) ....... In other words she is not a scientist.
However, it is true that ancient philosophers did
ask and try to answer questions which we now think
scientific.
A) A good philosopher must be concerned with all the
fields of science.
B) Einstein's theory of relativity has opened up new
frontiers in scientific research.
C) The modern philosopher is not directly concerned
with animals, vegetables or minerals.
D) Many people believe that science and philosophy
are not related at all.
E) Poets are sometimes interested in the effects
that the forces of nature have on man.
21) ....... This area is called a pool. The water
stored in it can be used for irrigation or power
generation; it can also be used to supply water to
homes and industry.
A) A dam is a wall, generally constructed across a
valley, to enclose an area in which water is stored.
B) A dam is a complex structure, consisting of
various parts.
C) The GAP project has already brought great
benefits to the region.
D) The site for any dam has to be chosen with great
care.
E) South East Turkey is obviously even richer in
water resources.
22) . Today most of Germany's 400,000 Jews are well
established and assimilated, though some pockets of
anti-Semitism still remain. Research earlier this
decade found
one in four Germans complaining that there were too
many Jews in Germany, while one in five admitted to
feelings of antipathy towards them.......
A) During the Second World War the Vichy government
introduced laws that banned Jews from holding a wide
range of jobs.
B) According to another poll at the time, only 9%
said they would not vote for a Jew as a president.
C) Consequently, from the 13th century until the
German Revolution in 1789, Jews in German, as in
many other places in Europe, were systematically
persecuted.
D) Even so the Germans still wrestle with their
consciences over their attitude, past and present,
to the Jews.
E) In 1995, Beckenbauer became the first German
president to admit the German state's responsibility
in rounding up the Jews to be sent to Nazi
extermination camps.
25) . Before 1940, in Argentina, it was the
responsibility of the municipalities to provide gas
and electricity for public use. However this was
changed by the Attlee government;....... Among them
were steel, coal and railways.
A) even the Conservatives were impressed at the
results.
B) they were extremely concerned about unemployment
and economic decline.
C) there was naturally a great deal of public
reaction.
D) the policy they followed was bound to make them
unpopular.
E) all gas and electricity services were
nationalized along with several other industries.
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