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TEST
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1. The science of computers and the technology of
their use are extensive and complicated subjects.
____. As a result, as in other similar fields so in
computer sciences, there is a great variety of
terminology and jargon.
A) Even children in primary schools now learn to use
computers
B) Obviously there are several types of computers
which would serve this particular purpose adequately
C) The languages the computer understands are easily
understood by even ordinary people
D) One recent development is that computers are
getting smaller and smaller
E) Moreover, the rapid rate of change in this field
has contributed still further to this complexity
2. ____. The feudal lords in England had always run
their own law courts and profited by the fines paid
by those brought to court. However, King Edward took
many cases out of their courts and tried them in his
own, taking the money for himself.
A) King Edward always had the full support of the
feudal lords
B) The administration of justice in Medieval England
was completely centralized
C) King Edward, who lived in the 13th century, was
unpopular mainly because he was greedy
D) Medieval economy in England was based on
agriculture
E) The history of the British Parliament goes back
to the signing of Magna Carta
3. The foremost power of the media lies in the fact
that it can shape what we know about the world and
can be a basic source of ideas and opinions.
_____________.This power is greater if we consider
all the various media together, not just one, such
as the press.
A) The most influential media is obviously
television
B) Indeed it can influence the way we think, but
more than we realize
C) Journalists are jealous of the power of
television
D) In recent decades the main concern of the media
has been democracy
E) Most governments ignore the influence of the
media on society
4. All considered, the United States has the world's
most competent overall economy. -----. This increase
in efficiency has in part been made possible by the
fact that this sector is less heavily unionized than
the manufacturing sector.
A) Unfortunately many American car manufacturers
have lost a sizeable share of the world market
B) In fact Japan has become one of the biggest
exporters of high-tech goods
C) Many American steel plants have entered a period
of recession
D) Europe, however, has been making itself more
efficient in the services industry
E) Competition from Germany is a danger both to
Japan and the US
5. There are no less than 120 countries comprising
the so-called "third world" known variously as "less
developed" or "underdeveloped" or poor countries.
There is a great diversity among them, and yet they
have a number of features in common._____. For
example, some of the oil-producing countries have
achieved very high levels of income per capital
while retaining many of the other characteristics of
less developed countries.
A) Their natural sources are so limited that
economically they are mostly dependent on
international aid
B) Population explosion is a major problem many
countries are unable to cope with
C) In such countries there is a great demand for an
educated and skilled workforce
D) Death rates have fallen sharply in response to
improved health services.
E) Foremost among these is their poverty, but even
poverty is not universal.
6. Bacteria are minute, single-celled organisms of
various shape and activity. Along with the viruses,
they are classified as the lowest forms of plant
life. Bacteria are everywhere in soil, water, dust,
and in air._____. Some turn decaying vegetable
matter into manure; others; within the human or
animal body, assist in the development of certain
vitamins necessary to health.
A) There are still many bacteria whose size and
shape are not known yet
B) Food poising is also caused by various kinds of
bacteria
C) A high-powered microscope is needed to detect
bacteria in some substances
D) Under hygienic circumstances no bacterial
activity takes place
E) There are thousands of different types and many
perform useful functions
7. Vegetables eaten freshly cooked are safe. They
may be unhygienic after cooking or be subject to
spore germination and outgrowth if cooled slowly and
stored warm. Salad vegetables, lettuce, tomatoes,
radishes, cucumber and watercress should be washed
in water for not less than 45 seconds._____.
A) In some restaurants a great variety of salad is
served
B) Some people are not fond of vegetables at all
C) Water pollution is a serious danger that
threatens the world
D) This is especially important in countries where
crops are sometimes flooded with water polluted with
human and animal sewage
E) As a result of easy transportation and good
packaging, tropical vegetables are distributed
worldwide
8. _____. Never has a statement made anywhere been
meant more literally. Without energy, nothing could
walk, fly, prowl, dive, swim, chew, hiss, bark, or
grow. Einstein demonstrated that even matter is a
form of energy. It should be clear, then, why energy
is central to one of the cardinal principles of
ecology.
A) The importance of energy to human beings is often
overestimated
B) Without energy there would be nothing
C) The energy problem has been the main concern of
many governments
D) The energy sources of the world are constantly
being wasted
E) The committee has decided the new energy policy
for the decade ahead
9. Even the smallest organization, public or
private, has a personnel function. People are an
organization's major resource and, even though the
links between the personnel department and other
departments are not always clear, it is important
that cooperation between all departments and
personnel is maintained. It is the personnel
department, with the help of the other departments,
which will implement any manpower policies by
recruiting, selecting and training all
employees._____.
A) This shows that personnel departments carry out
crucial functions in organizations
B) That is why institutions will be forced to make
huge investments
C) Certainly, some functions such as research or
legal advice are carried out by different staff
D) In fact, no government agency would have been
involved in such a case
E) Initially, each department was required to submit
their proposals for improvement
10. People will exchange any goods or services for
money: this is its most significant function. In
order to be a medium of exchange, money must be
acceptable:_____. Firstly, this confidence was
created by using metals like gold and silver which
in themselves were valuable. The coins, notes and
cheques which are used as money today are not in
themselves worth what they represent. Nevertheless,
they are accepted by everyone in business
transactions.
A) this primitive method of exchange is no longer
used
B) therefore, it plays a vital role in international
trade
C) that is it must enjoy everyone's confidence
D) the creation of money made business transactions
much easier
E) money provides a standard measurement in business
11. _____. There is, for example, an obvious
relationship between increases in economic wealth
and general improvements in our life styles. The
extent of the interrelationship between social and
economic change means that many business
organizations are influenced by changes in society.
A) The nature of family life is constantly changing
B) Most forms of social change are related to
economic change
C) New economic policies adopted by the government
give priority to economic growth
D) Successive governments have tried to solve the
problems resulting from economic change
E) Population growth has a damaging effect on
economic recovery
12. There are a number of ways in which to write
medical history._____. Then there is the social
approach of the history of medicine which
concentrates on how, when, where, by whom, and with
what effect the ill were treated in times gone by.
Yet, another approach is to deal with the effect of
disease upon the course of human affairs.
A) It is only in the past 50 years that doctors have
appreciated how dangerous experience can be as a
guide to action
B) A major area with which medical history is
concerned is pathology
C) But all the strands of medical history could not
possibly be woven into a coherent and comprehensive
whole?
D)Most accounts of medical developments lack
coherence and are often out-dated
E) One method, and this is the one preferred by
doctors, is to trace progress from complete medical
ignorance to a high level of medical competence
13. In this age crime has become a daily event, and
this has had an effect on our reading. Readers no
longer look for an escape when they pick up a crime
novel._____. That is to say, they want to learn
something about the real world, and about those,
good and bad, who inhabit it.
A) Crime novelists cannot be dismissed simply
because the incidents they describe are inherently
more interesting than those in other kinds
B) Today the crime novel, in all its forms, proceeds
most surely and satisfactorily from character
C) Most novelists see crime as a fascinating topic
they can creatively write about
D) They read it for the same reasons they read
novels of any other kind
E) A great majority of readers regard incidents in a
crime novel as more fantasy
14. The term "psychology" was coined by the ancient
Greeks as a label for their philosophic probing into
the human "psyche"._____. But how does this go about
studying the mind scientifically? Science implies
measurement. How does one measure something that can
neither be seen nor heard nor touched?
A) This is why psychology has come to be known as
the study of behaviour
B) It is not the only discipline that is concerned
with a systematic study of behaviour
C) All of these disciplines are rightly regarded as
behavioural sciences
D) Sociology, on the other hand, is devoted in
largest part to the nature and development of human
society and community life
E) Gradually it came to mean the study of the
"mind", and still, in part, retains that meaning
15. _____. Size alone has obviously nothing to do
with the distinction, there are some enormous
colleges and some small universities. Is the
difference to be found in breadth or scope of
instructional offerings? Not according to the late
Hastings Ranowall, whose three-volume Universities
of Europe in the Middle Ages is a classic in the
field.
A) Public institutions are in a different situation
B) The content and the structure of general
education need to be improved
C) First, let us clarify the terms college and
university
D) In most countries college has come to mean a
label for a higher institution of limited or special
scope
E) A number of colleges and universities have
experimented with curricular structures
16. For centuries, scientists and philosophers have
speculated on the structure of the universe and the
existence of galaxies outside our own. However until
the twentieth century, they could do no more than
speculate._____. Using giant telescopes, ultraviolet
and infrared instruments, and high-speed computers,
they are studying the information of galaxies for
further insights into the nature of the cosmos.
A) Meanwhile, the study of other galaxies has led to
an extraordinary insight into the possible structure
of the universe.
B) We now know, of course, that the universe is
designed on a scale far more grand
C) After decades of speculation, in fact we have
started to penetrate to the very centre of our own
galaxy.
D) Now, however, scientists have determined that the
universe is made up of thousands of millions of
galaxies
E) They have located regions that are very much
disturbed with hot turbulent gases swirling at great
force about the centre
17. A long time ago, many things were explained by
reference to the will of unseen deities. _____. In
our world, we explain things by reference to genes,
and feel much superior for it. Nevertheless there is
not, if we contemplate about it, very much
difference between saying "The gods have made him
angry" and saying "He has the gene for anger." Both
are ways of attributing a matter of personal agency
to some fateful and mysterious impersonal power.
A) Today, we regard this as a foolish and primitive
approach
B) Most people are likely to want to believe in a
little of both
C) Man has always struggled to change his destiny
and enjoy happiness
D) In fact, human behaviour is determined by an
inherited genetic package
E) In the end, though, people have to figure things
out for themselves
18. Michelangelo hated to delegate work to others
and would only do so in an excessive
emergency._____; and certainly no artist of note
emerged from his studio.
A) His assistants, furthermore, were all
exceptionally talented
B) As a result, he has been accused of not passing
on his artistic skill to others
C) Naturally he was unwilling to do much of the
purely manual work himself
D) As a result many of his works had to be finished
by his assistants.
E) He went o great pains to train his assistants
19. The planets are the celestial bodies that
revolve round the sun in elliptical orbits._____.
There are also numerous minor planets, generally
called asteroids. Today many significant questions
concerning the planets can be answered by means of
probes sent to them. These include the measurement
of the magnetic field, if any, of the planets, the
study of their atmospheres and, in some cases
surface conditions.
A) Among them Pluto was the last planet to be
discovered in 1930 by the American astronomer
Tombaugh
B) At present only nine major planets are known, and
they are different in many respects from the fixed
stars
C) Scientists have recently managed to land on the
surface of Mars an extremely efficient instrument
for exploration.
D)Yet, the moon revolves round the earth and has
already been explored.
E) However, Pluto is the most distant of the planets
and has an orbit more elliptical than the other
planetary orbits
20. Acupuncturists treat all kinds of conditions
ranging from headaches to strokes.____. In Britain,
this very often happens, however some health
insurance schemes do cover it.
A) The Chinese first developed this branch of
medicine
B) Many of the people who practice acupuncture are
not fully qualified
C) This kind of treatment hasn't been approved of by
the medical profession yet
D) In France and Germany acupuncture is available
under national health schemes
E) Contrary to general belief this method of
treatment is not in the least painful
21. As scientific knowledge increased, so did the
practical applications. The eighteenth century
witnessed what is generally called the Industrial
Revolution,_____. Since then, there has been a
succession of technical innovations and fewer manual
workers have been required.
A) when machines began to do more and more of the
work that had previously been done by human beings
and animals
B) as nuclear and solid-state physics are
disciplines that have evolved more recently
C) for mathematics, it should be noted, is the basic
tool of modern engineering
D) so the engineer must always be willing to face
new challenges
E) which is likely to lead to much unnecessary
suffering particularly as the workforce is largely
made up of young people
22 _____. But most psychotherapists would say that
such depression stems from buried grief or pain. For
instance someone who has been dissatisfied as a
child may become depressed as an adult.
A) One should not let oneself get depressed
B) Sometimes one may be depressed for no apparent
reason
C) People who are depressed aren't good company
D) During the last two decades problems pertaining
to mental health have steadily increased
E) The crime rate goes up with depressing regularity
23. _____. X-rays can tell a cultured pearl from a
natural one because they can detect the structure of
mother of pearl in the inside. Cultured pearls are
generally less expensive than natural ones though in
fact they, too, are "real" pearls.
A) The last X-ray showed an improvement in her
condition
B) Cultured pearls are cheap imitations of the real
thing
C) The difference between a cultured pearl and a
real one is obvious at a glance
D) The pearls that are "cultured" fetch a higher
price than the "natural" ones do
E) Cultured pearls are produced by inserting a bead
of mother of pearl into an oyster, which then coats
it in pearl
24. Most of our misconceptions of art arise from a
lack of consistency in the use of the words "art"
and "beauty".____. We always suppose that all that
is beautiful is art, or that all art is beautiful,
that what is not beautiful is not art, and that
ugliness is the negation of art. This identification
of art and beauty is at the bottom of all our
complexities in the
appreciation of art.
A) The painter usually expresses himself by the
representation of the visible world
B) The relation between art and religion is one of
the most difficult questions that we have to face
C) Expressionism in modern art is a distinct
movement, having little or nothing in common with
cubism.
D) It might be said that we are only consistent in
our misuse of these words
E) Some people are quite unaware of the importance
of proportion in architecture, and have no sense of
shape, surface and mass
25. At the beginning of this century, a group of
writers from scattered Midwestern towns came
together in bustling, commercial Chicago. From the
rough immediacy of the city, they forged a style
that was peculiarly and unsparingly realistic._____.
Actually, the critics were soon to describe Chicago
as the literary capital of the US.
A) Most of them, however, eventually moved away from
Chicago
B) The "Chicago Renaissance", fuelled by these
writers, soon captured the attention of the rest of
the nation
C) It is now a commonplace of literary criticism
that there is a close relationship between cities
and their writers
D) Chicago is indeed a city of absorbing contrast,
and not least in the field of architecture
E) American realism differs in many obvious ways
from European realism
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